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By Kyobin Keum 1 , Jae Sang Heo 1 , Jimi Eom 2 , Keon Woo Lee 3 , Sung Kyu Park 3, * and Yong-Hoon Kim 1, 4, *
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Advanced Textile R&D Department, Research Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea
Received: 30 November 2020 / Revised: 7 January 2021 / Accepted: 8 January 2021 / Published: 9 January 2021
Textile-based pressure sensors have garnered significant interest in electronic textiles due to their various applications, including human-machine interface and health monitoring systems. We studied a textile-based capacitive pressure sensor array with a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)/ionic liquid (IL) composite film. By constructing a capacitor structure with Ag-plated conductive fiber electrodes embedded in fabrics, a capacitive pressure sensor with high sensitivity, good operational stability and a wide sensing range could be created. By optimizing the PVDF-HFP:IL ratio (6.5:3.5), the fabricated textile pressure sensors showed sensitivity of 9.51 kPa.
In the pressure ranges of 0-20 kPa and 20-100 kPa respectively. The pressure-dependent capacitance variation in our device was explained based on the change in the contact area formed between the multi-filament fiber electrodes and the PVDF-HFP/IL film. To demonstrate the applicability and scalability of the sensor device, a 3 × 3 pressure sensor array was fabricated. Through its matrix-type array structure and capacitive sensing mechanism, multi-point detection was possible, and the various positions and weights of the objects could be identified.
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Electronic textiles; capacitive pressure sensors; PVDF-HFP; ionic liquid; Contact area electronic textiles; capacitive pressure sensors; PVDF-HFP; ionic liquid; Contact area
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) have recently gathered significant interest in the field of wearable electronics due to the various applications enabled by integrating them into various sensor devices [1, 2, 3], triboelectric nanogenerators [4, 5, 6] have got. , wireless communication devices [7, 8, 9], logic circuits [10], and control systems [11]. Unlike conventional electronic devices, e-textiles can be made practically unnoticeable by being completely embedded in clothing or fabrics. Therefore, applications that require an “always-on” mode operation can be performed more effectively by using e-textiles. Among various electronic components that can be integrated into e-textiles are strain sensors [ 12 , 13 ], motion sensors [ 14 ], environmental biosensors [ 15 , 16 ], and pressure sensors [ 17 , 18 ]. In particular, the integration of pressure sensors has been widely investigated to broaden the applications of e-textiles in respiratory monitoring [ 19 ], heart monitoring [ 20 ], and human-machine interface systems [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. In these applications, the required pressure sensitivity and pressure detection ranges are varied. For example, in breathing and heart monitoring, pressure sensors should have a high sensitivity in the low-pressure range [24]; while in applications such as body weight monitoring, sensors should have higher detection range and better sensitivity in the high pressure range [25]. From this perspective, pressure sensors possessing both high sensitivity and a wide sensing range are in high demand in e-textile applications.
There are several types of mechanisms for pressure detection. These include resistive, piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and capacitive types [26]. The capacitive-type pressure-sensing mechanism can offer special advantages such as multi-point detection and low power consumption [11, 27, 28, 29]. Considering that e-textiles typically require low-power operation due to the limitation of their power supply, capacitive-type pressure sensors can be a good candidate for e-textiles. For the realization of textile-based capacitive pressure sensors, different device structures and materials were investigated. For example, Li et al. Demonstrates a capacitive pressure sensor based on a honeycomb-weaving architecture that has a sensitivity of 0.045 kPa
Below 10 kPa [30]. Wu et al. studied a capacitive pressure sensor using polyester/spandex (PET/SP) fabrics with a combination of single-walled carbon nanotubes and stretchable silver ink [25]. The fabricated sensor showed a sensitivity of 0.02–0.042 kPa
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Depending on the number of encapsulation lines. In another approach, Choi et al. studied a porous elastomer/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite as a sensing material that has a pressure sensitivity of 6.42 kPa
In the range of 0-2 kPa and 2-10 kPa, respectively [31]. Wu et al. used silver nanofiber-coated conductive fabrics and a spacer fabric to construct a textile pressure sensor [32] that has a sensitivity of 0.283 kPa
And good operational stability. Although these previous investigations are noteworthy, the pressure sensitivity was relatively low, and the detection ranges were somewhat limited. Among various material candidates for capacitive pressure sensors, ionic liquid (IL)-based soft ion-gel films are of significant interest due to their high dielectric constants. Ion-gel films have often been adopted as the gate dielectric layer in thin-film transistors to reduce the operating voltage and improve the electrical properties [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In capacitive pressure sensors, the high-k ion-gel film can also improve their response to the applied pressure and their sensitivity [36]. In addition, ion-gel films have good mechanical flexibility and stability, which enable their integration into e-textile devices.
In this study, we demonstrate a textile-based capacitive pressure sensor using a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)/IL composite film. The PVDF-HFP/IL film is used as a dielectric layer in the capacitor, positioned between two cloth sheets with multi-filament Ag-plated fiber electrodes. The Ag-plated fibers and the PVDF-HFP/IL film formed a cross-point capacitor structure, in which its capacitance value varies with the applied pressure. The fabricated capacitive pressure sensor showed high sensitivity, good stability and wide sensing range. In particular, with optimized PVDF-HFP:IL ratio (6.5:3.5), the sensor showed a sensitivity of 9.51 kPa.
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In the pressure ranges of 0-20 kPa and 20-100 kPa respectively. The response times of the sensor under loading and unloading conditions were -0.8 s and -0.5 s, respectively. The pressure-dependent capacitance variation is explained based on the change in the contact area formed between the multi-filament fiber electrodes and the PVDF-HFP/IL film. To demonstrate the applicability and scalability of the sensor device, we used a 3 × 3 pressure sensor array. Through its matrix-type array structure and the capacitive sensing mechanism, multi-point detection was possible, and it successfully identified the various positions and weights of the objects.
The manufacturing process of the PVDF-HFP/IL film is shown in Figure 1a. To fabricate the PVDF-HFP/IL film, a drop-casting method was used. To prepare the PVDF-HFP solution, PVDF-HFP pellets (average M
-455,000, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in acetone at 10 wt% and stirred thoroughly for 2 h. Then, the PVDF-HFP solution in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI]) IL (≥98%, M
= 391.31, purchased from Sigma Aldrich) were mixed at different weight ratios and stirred for -1 h. The weight ratios of PVDF-HFP:IL vary like 5:5, 6:4 and 6.5:3.5. To fabricate a freestanding PVDF-HFP/IL film used as a dielectric layer in the textile print sensor, a 3 cm × 3 cm blue glass substrate was prepared and thoroughly cleaned with acetone, isopropanol alcohol, and deionized water, then dried. with dry nitrogen. The PVDF-HFP/IL solution was dropped onto the cleaned glass substrate using a micropipette with a droplet volume of -10 μL. Next, to cure the film, a thermal annealing was carried out at 40°C for 12 hours. After curing, the film was separated from the glass substrate. The average diameter of the manufactured PVDF-HFP/IL film was -0.5 cm. To fabricate the pressure sensor, Ag-plated conductive nylon fibers (fiber diameter: 280d, SOITEX, Goyang, Korea) were sewn onto both the top and bottom polyester fabric sheets, which had dimensions of 5 cm × 5 cm. A double-sided thermoplastic adhesive film (Thermal Bonding Film 583, 3M, Maplewood, MN, USA) was then bonded to the lower polyester fabric sheet by applying 2.56 kPa pressure at 110 °C for 10 min. To expose the Ag-plated fiber
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